![]() The respiratory tract also may also be injured when the unconscious or convulsing patient vomits and aspirates gastric contents into the lungs because of depressed airway protective reflexes, which may then cause further pulmonary insult. Systemic toxins comprise asphyxiants, the substances that interfere with oxygen delivery or utilization as well as other toxins with primary effects on distant organ systems. Accordingly, it is best to classify inhaled agents as airway irritants and systemic toxins.īy direct exposure to the epithelial surface, the airway irritants often lead to symptoms related to upper airways, such as rhinitis, eye irritation, and conjunctivitis and respiratory symptoms such as tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and alveolitis. ![]() Thus, determining the mechanism of respiratory insufficiency, whether it is a result of direct injury of respiratory tract or systemic toxicity, is difficult. Strikingly, under many exposure situations, both routes may be common. They may also be absorbed, resulting in systemic toxicity. Inhaled substances may directly injure the pulmonary epithelium at various levels of the respiratory tract, leading to a wide range of disorders from tracheitis and bronchiolitis to pulmonary edema. ![]() Gases and vapors are the most frequently inhaled substances nevertheless, liquids and solids can also be inhaled in the form of finely divided mists, aerosols, or dusts. Toxic exposures are most likely to occur via inhalation, direct contact with the skin or eyes, and/or ingestion, for which inhalation with associated fatalities is the most commonly reported.
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